Profiling Maven Web Application With Jprofiler

Zipkin is a distributed tracing system for java applications which may be used for troubleshooting efficiency points within the distributed service architectures. Its highlighted characteristic that separates it from different testing instruments is that it permits looking for hint standards by log file ID, service, operation name, or length. It additionally permits java builders to visualise traces through a dependency diagram and provides a list of java efficiency tests for application testing. Zipkin additionally presents an open-source model referred to as OpenZipkin. Memory monitoring instruments are one of the necessary parts of Java performance testing tools. It includes reminiscence usage, memory performance and reminiscence leaks monitoring. The Eclipse Memory Analyzer does all that by monitoring your Java heap usage. Initially, all the Java objects are saved within the free memory known as the heap. When you run an application, the memory is taken from the heap. If the heap is full, earlier objects are then wanted to be discarded to create space for brand spanking new objects. These modifications in heaps must be smooth and fluent as a disruptive process can create a performance bottleneck. The mixture of XRebel and JRebel can be thought of as top-of-the-line java efficiency testing instruments. XRebel offers end-to-end efficiency checks to discover any efficiency issues current throughout growth.

JRebel also allows the java developers to skip the redeploy process by previewing the required utilized modifications instantly. It is a good characteristic to preview whether or not the adjustments are providing the anticipated enhancement in performance or not before making use of it. Sometimes your construct may be gradual even though your construct scripts are doing every little thing right. This typically comes all the way down to inefficiencies in plugins and custom duties or constrained assets. The greatest approach to discover these sorts of bottlenecks is utilizing the Gradle Profiler. It can be used to produce build scans or along with different main profilers like JProfiler and YourKit. Using these method-level profilers can typically assist you to find inefficient algorithms in custom plugins. If you discover that one thing in Gradle itself is slowing down your construct, don't hesitate to ship a profiler snapshot at Many efficiency issues in enterprise or web functions outcome from memory or database entry issues. In case of frequent reminiscence points, all instruments provide good and similar solutions. To find memory leaks, a good start line is to check two memory snapshots to search out the distinction after rubbish collection is finished.

In general VisualVM, shipped with the Java SDK, is enough to create such a report. The heap viewer comes with the ability to shows references, computing retained sizes and paths to GC roots. Helpful find memory leaks is the ability to view the GC-path primarily based on any class. The Attach mode allows you to attach the profiling tool to an application that's already running, or just about to begin on a neighborhood or remote machine. Using the connect mode is useful for profiling long-running purposes, and specifically for profiling web or enterprise applications working on prime of an application server. You also can use the attach mode to profile the code of the appliance server itself. When Java builders started to comprehend the need for some good java efficiency testing tools, many great working instruments started to emerge in the business in no time. Stackify Prefix is a highly capable Java performance testing software. It additionally provides great ease for java builders by providing a fast feedback loop so that developers can understand the efficiency of their code and how much time it's taking to perform. This characteristic is finest for assisting java builders in figuring out the application issues method early within the development cycle. When beginning the session, the "Session startup" dialog enables you to configure all profiling settings. The configured profiling settings that are used for a launched session are remembered by JProfiler on a per-project or on a per-run-configuration basis, relying on the IDE integrations. When a session is profiled for the primary time, the IDE plugin automatically determines a list of profiled packages primarily based on the topmost courses within the bundle hierarchy of your source files.

At any later point, you can go to the filter settings step in the session settings dialog and use the reset button to perform this calculation again. Profilers are another great tool for efficiency monitoring and testing. It additionally comes with some unique features for threading points. Features like JProfiler's ''Heap Walker'' is kind of a useful characteristic for java developers to solve memory problems more effectively. When you click on Run, the IDE launches the appliance and begins the profiling session. To view the profiling results, click Live Results within the Profiler window to open the Live Results window. The Live Results window shows the profiling information collected thus far. The knowledge displayed is refreshed every few seconds by default. When analyzing CPU performance, the Live Results window shows info on the time spent in each methodology and the variety of invocations of each method. You can see that within the Anagram Game application solely the chosen root methods are invoked initially. JProfiler is amongst the hottest Java efficiency tuning instruments developed by EJ Technologies. It is used for assessing and monitoring system performance, profiling threads and processes, and it's quite efficient to find and eradicating reminiscence leaks in the system. BlazeMeter is among the fully paid java efficiency testing instruments that gives java performance checks for web and cellular applications together with java microservices and APIs. It also integrates nicely with some well-known open-source instruments like JMeter and Selenium. When you begin a profiling session, you possibly can configure profiling settings within the session settings dialog. The next time you wish to profile this process, start the saved session from the Open Session tab instead of the Quick Attach tab.

You will nonetheless have to pick out a running JVM, however the profiling settings are the same ones that you have already configured before. JProfiler can profile most run configuration sorts from IDEA, together with purposes servers. To configure further settings, edit the run configuration, choose the Startup/Connection tab, and select the JProfiler entry. The display shot below reveals the startup settings for a local server configuration. Depending on the run configuration kind, you probably can modify JVM options or retrieve profiling parameters for remote profiling. Today, Java developers have a bevy of efficiency testing instruments that may help them check and improve efficiency throughout development. But even with these instruments, the complexity and lack of visibility into trendy Java purposes means that performance points can simply find their method to production. You can profile an application that is operating on a distant system corresponding to an online server by attaching the profiling tool to the applying. When you use this mode, the distant application begins after the profiler is attached. This mode allows you to get hold of profiling information on the startup of the goal JVM. Retrace is one other glorious Java performance testing device by Stackify. It is an application efficiency management product for Java functions. APM software is particularly designed to information java builders in understanding the efficiency of all their applications in a better way. Developers can rapidly and simply determine which web requests are taking probably the most time and the explanations behind them.

Gatling is one other open-source java efficiency testing tool that primarily focuses on load testing. It offers a free version along with a premium paid model. It additionally provides integrations for TeamCity, Bamboo and Grafana. It is to be noted that the free version does not assist distributed functions. Here, you can see some of the top Java efficiency testing tools out there in 2021. The finest approach to minimize the efficiency issues in the development process is to make sure a formulated testing methodology and using an appropriate efficiency testing device. There are a number of Java performance testing tools available that present great convenience for Java builders in tackling their efficiency testing issues. Performance testing has turn into complicated over time, making the Java performance testing instruments an essential component of the development course of. With a appreciable amount of information to course of, an enormous user base, and the demand for a clean and user-friendly expertise makes it clear how essential application performance testing has turn into. This introductory doc is an outline of the profiling instruments included within the IDE and a information to help you shortly start profiling your NetBeans projects. This doc is meant to reveal the varied profiling duties out there within the IDE and the profiling outcomes you'll be able to obtain when profiling a project. When you profile your application, the strategies and classes that come up in JProfiler's views often lead to questions that may only be answered by trying their source code. While JProfiler provides a built-in supply code viewer for that objective, it has limited performance. Also, when an issue is discovered, the subsequent move is often to edit the offending code. Ideally, there should be a direct path from the profiling views in JProfiler to the IDE, so you can examine and improve code with none manual lookups. As you've seen, you'll need to keep away from doing time-intensive work in the configuration phase, but typically it could sneak into your build in non-obvious places.

It's normally clear when you're encrypting knowledge or calling distant services throughout configuration if that code is in a build file. But logic like that is more typically present in plugins and infrequently custom task lessons. Any expensive work in a plugin's apply() methodology or a tasks's constructor ought to be a red flag. The commonest and fewer obvious mistake is resolving dependencies at configuration time, which is covered in its own chapter additional below. So, what is the reply for Java improvement teams that wish to reduce those efficiency problems? One, make certain you're doing formalized efficiency testing. This is typically carried out through a third party efficiency monitoring tool or if you're really feeling bold, custom-made on your project. Two, establish strategies for each stage of the applying lifecycle. This is critical as the earlier you are ready to establish issues, the earlier you presumably can handle, and the less expensive those performance issues turn out to be in your staff. The focus of this course is to get the scholar acclimated to the method and tools used in the design to delivery cycle of an Enterprise Application using Java. It will introduce college students to the use of construct instruments and repositories for creating and maintaining software in a group setting. It will then then cowl instruments and techniques for enhancing the quality of Enterprise Software like unit and integration testing, code optimization and profiling. It will also cowl methods for automation of processes in testing and deployment of software; like Continuous Integration and the use and orchestration with digital containers. The course may even take a glance at some fashionable built-in development environments and reveal how they combine with the aspects of the category. A sample of instruments coated within the class will embody Maven, Gradle, JMeter, Postman, Jenkins, Git, JProfiler, Docker, Docker Compose, Eclipse and IntelliJ. You can take a heap dump when a profiling session is in progress.

When you are taking a heap dump you are prompted to keep away from wasting the heap to your project or native file system. You don't have to have a running profiling session to load and browse the heap dump. You can configure settings to specify that particular operations are carried out by the IDE throughout a profiling session. For instance, you presumably can have the IDE open reside results for CPU or Memory evaluation, always present the threads view, at all times save a heap dump to the profiled project and extra. The CPU Profiler is used to investigate your application's impression on the processor. It enables you to determine the methods and threads in your program that devour a lot of the CPU time. Use the CPU Profiler to check functions of your application, corresponding to startup and initialization, repainting, and compiling. The CPU profiler gathers and displays statistical knowledge about the efficiency of your application. It is an open-source java efficiency testing tool by Apache. It is principally used for load and stress testing of Java purposes. Along with purposes, JMeter can also be used for many totally different java technologies. It presents a variety of extensions which have some nice options for recording and visualizing the resulting take a look at data, making it more readable. When this feature is selected, the profiler samples the application to provide data that's restricted to the reside objects. This choice only tracks reside objects and doesn't monitor allocations when instrumenting. It just isn't potential to record stack traces or to make use of profiling points if you select this option.

This possibility incurs a significantly lower overhead than the Advanced possibility. A root methodology is the strategy, class or bundle in your source code that you just specify as an instrumentation root. Profiling knowledge is collected when one of the application's threads enters and leaves the instrumentation root. No profiling knowledge is collected till one of many application's threads enters the basis technique. Specifying a root technique can significantly scale back the profiling overhead. The Select Profiling Task dialog field is the main interface for working a profiling task. After you choose a task, you can modify the duty settings to fantastic tune the outcomes you'll acquire. For each of the profiling duties, you might also create and save custom profiling tasks primarily based on the task. When you create a customized profiling task, the customized task is listed in the Select Profiling Task dialog field to find a way to easily discover and run your customized settings later. When you create a custom profiling task, you'll be able to modify more advanced profiling settings by clicking Advanced settings within the Select Profiling Task dialog field. Creating a performant Java application starts with the architect, and ends with the developer making these decisions work. For these interested in formalizing their efficiency testing processes, the following section will give you a great overview of what is obtainable for efficiency testing tools. After that, we'll take a look at a few of the Java performance tuning and tracing instruments that may help Java development groups get additional insight with out formal tests. Testing has turn into an integral part of the event cycle and it has gained important importance because the introduction of varied new technologies and features in Java purposes. There have been many new upgrades in Java efficiency testing instruments, which allow them to carry out various checks on new options in fashionable applications. Command line tools permit to carry out many profiling tasks with out using the UI. Integrate the profiler into a continuous integration process and automate performance monitoring. Every buildpack-generated image incorporates an executable called the launcher which can be utilized to execute a customized command in an setting containing buildpack-provided setting variables. On launching jmc, we will see list of java course of which is working on the local machine.

On a particular course of, we can right click on and select Start Flight Recording and then check the thread dumps within the Threads tab. It nonetheless works only on the native machine the place the Java application is working. It can be utilized to regulate Java Flight Recordings, diagnose and troubleshoot JVM and Java applications. We can use the Thread.print command of jcmd to get a listing of thread dumps for a specific process specified by the PID. Jvisualvm is a GUI software that helps us troubleshoot, monitor, and profile Java functions. It additionally comes with JVM and could be launched from the /bin listing of our java installation. Among other options, it also allows us to capture thread dump for a selected course of. A snapshot captures profiling data at a selected point in time. The information captured in a snapshot depends on the kind of profiling session in progress when the snapshot is taken. You can discover snapshots using the toolbar in the Snapshot window and by filtering the displayed results. You can also right-click a outcome and choose further instructions in the pop-up menu. When you detach from the remote native application, the applying does not cease however you stop receiving profiling data concerning the application. To connect to the distant application you have to use the startup options provided by the Attach wizard and begin the distant application again. Java Log Management and Analysis device is a cloud-based log management tool used to enhance your Java logging course of. It allows Java developers to simply merge completely different logs from their other projects or various web purposes, so they can perform a comparative evaluation on them collectively. Its well-designed person interface hosts all the log data on a single dashboard, which makes it very easy to use. It can be outfitted with pre-configured graphical charts and graphs to symbolize data more effectively and for adding more detail to your Java logging overview. LoadNinjais a cloud-basedloadtesting and efficiency testing software for java web purposes and web providers.

No Unused Vars Blank Underscore Javacript

To avoid allocating when assigning to an interface, context keys often have concrete type struct. PHP_CodeSniffer is an open source code checker that tokenizes PHP, JavaScript and CSS files to detect violations of a defined coding standard. Visit their websitefor more detailed information on PHPCS and the ruleset found below.

This issue can be caused by simple bugs such as forgetting to add an exit condition. Some languages have tail call optimization which makes certain infinite recursive calls safe to use. This is the case when the method sets of both arguments of the type assertion conflict with each other, for example by containing the same method with different signatures. PHP Mess Detector is an open source code checker that aims to be a PHP equivalent of the well known Java tool PMD. Visit their websitefor more detailed information on PHPMD and the ruleset found below. SecurityG505-Importblocklist-crypto-sha1Do not import crypto/sha1.

It is a SHA-1 used to calculate an alphanumeric string that serves as the cryptographic representation of a file or a piece of data.This can serve as a digital signature. If the function name ends with an 'f', the function is assumed to take a format descriptor string in the manner of fmt.Printf. If not, vet complains about arguments that look like format descriptor strings.

The single-declaration school of thought is based in pre-ECMAScript 6 behaviors, where there was no such thing as block scope, only function scope. Since all var statements are hoisted to the top of the function anyway, some believe that declaring all variables in a single declaration at the top of the function removes confusion around scoping rules. In rare cases, people do define nonsymmetrical equals methods and still manage to make their code work. Identifiers are the user-defined name of the program components used for the identification purpose.

Golang has a special feature to define and use the unused variable using Blank Identifier. Unused variables are those variables that are defined by the user throughout the program but he/she never makes use of these variables. As you know, Golang is a more concise and readable programming language so it doesn't allow the programmer to define an unused variable if you do such, then the compiler will throw an error. Gosec Linters are configured to run specifically against the supplied input files by excluding certain file paths and produce reports in different formats. Visittheir websitefor more detailed information on Gosec Linter and the ruleset found below.

Go Meta Linter is an open source static code analyzer that concurrently runs a variety of different linters and normalizes their output to a standard format. Visit their websitefor more detailed information on Go Meta Linter and the ruleset found below. Rather than creating separate rules for every language feature you want to turn off, this rule allows you to configure the syntax elements you want to restrict use of. For example, a function declaration is represented by FunctionDeclaration and the with statement is represented by WithStatement.

You may find the full list of AST node names you can use on GitHub and use the online parser to see what type of nodes your code consists of. The first problem is that primitive wrapper objects are, in fact, objects. That means typeof will return "object" instead of "string", "number", or "boolean".

Every object is truthy, that means an instance of Boolean always resolves to true even when its actual value is false. The %d placeholder requires a numeric argument, but a string value is passed instead. A runtime exception will occur when this statement is executed. If a connected set of objects beings finalizable, then the VM will invoke the finalize method on all the finalizable object, possibly at the same time in different threads.

Thus, it is a particularly bad idea, in the finalize method for a class X, invoke finalize on objects referenced by X, because they may already be getting finalized in a separate thread. EfficiencyGetters And Setters Should Access The Expected FieldsGetter and Setter methods must access the expected fields. For each instance variable, a getter method returns its value, while a setter method sets or updates its value.

For methods that return a set of values using an array or collection, returning an empty array or collection is an excellent alternative to returning a null value. SecuritySetting JavaBean properties is security-sensitiveThe JavaBean property uses a set or get functions that are exposed to other applications. An attacker can modify its properties, attack malicious code that can be risky.

Avoid storing sensitive information under this JavaBean property as it may help the user to retain its software integrity. Embold comes with a proprietary and state-of-the-art analyser. In addition to integrating and building upon good work from the open source space, we have created our own checks and rules to discover code issues that were not sufficiently covered by other tools.

Cppcheck is a static analysis tool for C/C++ code providing unique code analysis to detect bugs and focusing on detecting undefined behaviour and dangerous coding constructs.Visit their websitesite for more information. In addition to integrating and building upon great work from the open source space, we have created our own checks and rules to discover code issues that were not sufficiently covered by other tools. See below for a list of all supported rules from eslint-plugin-react, eslint-plugin-react-native and eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y. If you don't want to be notified about unused variables or function arguments, you can safely turn this rule off. The real use of Blank Identifier comes when a function returns multiple values, but we need only a few values and want to discard some values. Basically, it tells the compiler that this variable is not needed and ignored it without any error.

It hides the variable's values and makes the program readable. So whenever you will assign a value to Blank Identifier it becomes unusable. The Go compiler already applies this check when asserting from an interface value to a concrete type.

If the concrete type misses methods from the interface, or if function signatures don't match, then the type assertion can never succeed. In the exceptions where a newline does not end a statement, a typing mistake to omit a semicolon causes two unrelated consecutive lines to be interpreted as one expression. Especially for a coding style without semicolons, readers might overlook the mistake. Although syntactically correct, the code might throw exceptions when it is executed. Therefore, such values should not be passed directly to the filesystem API. If acceptable, the application should generate its own file names and use those.

Otherwise, the provided filename should be properly validated to ensure it's properly structured, contains no unauthorized path characters (e.g., / ), and refers to an authorized file. For example, if the Foo and Bar classes are not related by subtyping, then an instance of Foo should not be equal to an instance of Bar. Among other issues, doing so will likely result in an equals method that is not symmetrical. For example, if you define the Foo class so that a Foo can be equal to a String, your equals method isn't symmetrical since a String can only be equal to a String. The toArray() method of lists returned by Arrays.asList(…) will return a covariantly typed array. For example, Arrays.asArray(new String[] ).toArray() will return a String [].

SpotBugs attempts to detect and suppress such cases, but may miss some. Consider changing the type of created array or the method return type. Even if you feel confident that the method is never called by multiple threads, it might be better to not set the static field until the value you are setting it to is fully populated/initialized.

At that point, ESLint is capable of "digesting" CoffeeScript source code. This rule leverages the TypeScript compiler's unused variable checks to report. This means that with all rule options set to false, it should report the same errors as if you used both the noUnusedLocals and noUnusedParameters compiler options.

By default this rule is enabled with all option for variables and after-used for arguments. This rule takes one argument which can be a string or an object. The string settings are the same as those of the vars property . This check will not flag calls involving types that define custom marshaling behavior, e.g. via MarshalJSON methods. It will also not flag empty structs.Conceptual Integrity, FunctionalitySA9006-Dubious bit shifting of a fixed size integer valueBit shifting a value past its size will always clear the value. Functonality, EfficiencyS1017-Replace manual trimming with strings.TrimPrefixInstead of using strings.HasPrefix and manual slicing, use the strings.TrimPrefix function.

If the string doesn't start with the prefix, the original string will be returned. Using strings.TrimPrefix reduces complexity, and avoids common bugs, such as off-by-one mistakes. If the finalizer references the object, however, it will always remain as the final reference to that object, preventing the garbage collector from collecting the object. The finalizer will never run, and the object will never be collected, leading to a memory leak. That is why the finalizer should instead use its first argument to operate on the object.

Otherwise it will recurse forever, until the system runs out of memory. Switches in Go do not have automatic fallthrough, unlike languages like C. It is not necessary to have a break statement as the final statement in a case block.FunctionalityS1029-Range over the string directlyRanging over a string will yield byte offsets and runes.

If the offset isn't used, this is functionally equivalent to converting the string to a slice of runes and ranging over that. Ranging directly over the string will be more performant, however, as it avoids allocating a new slice, the size of which depends on the length of the string. RuleDescriptionexampleKPIS1023-Omit redundant control flowOmit redundant control flowFunctions that have no return value do not need a return statement as the final statement of the function. RuleDescriptionExampleKPIG102-BindToAllInterfacesBinding to all network interfaces can potentially open up a service to traffic on unintended interfaces, that may not be properly documented or secured. Do not use hardcoded passwords anywhere in the source code.The use of hard-coded passwords increases the possibility of password guessing tremendously.

In this example, a semicolon will not be inserted after the first line, causing a run-time error (because an empty object is called as if it's a function). The no-unexpected-multiline rule can protect your code from such cases. Arguments does not have methods of Array.prototype, so it's a bit of an inconvenience.

We can use that feature for variadic functions instead of the arguments variable. There is actually a long history of using dangling underscores to indicate "private" members of objects in JavaScript (though JavaScript doesn't have truly private members, this convention served as a warning). This began with SpiderMonkey adding nonstandard methods such as __defineGetter__(). The intent with the underscores was to make it obvious that this method was special in some way.

Since that time, using a single underscore prefix has become popular as a way to indicate "private" members of objects. When it was first created, it only prevented literals from being thrown , but it has now been expanded to only allow expressions which have a possibility of being an Error object. Disallowing usage of specific Node.js modules can be useful if you want to limit the available methods a developer can use. For example, you can block usage of the fs module if you want to disallow file system access.

In order to avoid any confusion as to how to create the correct path, Node.js provides the path module. This module uses system-specific information to always return the correct value. One of the justifications for using Comma First style is that it can help track missing and trailing commas.

These are problematic because missing commas in variable declarations can lead to the leakage of global variables and trailing commas can lead to errors in older versions of IE. Values between -128 and 127 are guaranteed to have corresponding cached instances and using valueOf is approximately 3.5 times faster than using constructor. For values outside the constant range the performance of both styles is the same. If all clone() methods call super.clone(), then they are guaranteed to use Object.clone(), which always returns an object of the correct type. SecurityRun Should Not Be Called DirectlyThe program accidentally calls the Thread.run() method and causes the code to be executed in the current thread, just like any other method call.

Instead, use Thread.start() to actually create a new thread so that the runnable's 'run()' method is executed in parallel. //and you cannot create instances of an abstract type, an abstract type that has a public constructor is incorrectly designed. Only way that I found is to use ignore pattern argsIgnorePattern in rule options.

If your variable is unused, just add underscore _ctx and ESLint will ignore it, but no-unused-vars rule will still work for other values. After you will need to use this value, just remove underscore ctx. All checks all variables for usage, including those in the global scope. Variables that are declared and not used anywhere in the code are most likely an error due to incomplete refactoring. Such variables take up space in the code and can lead to confusion by readers.

My understanding is that historically eslint was primarily used for code quality issues and design patterns, things that impact how the code is consumed by the Javascript engine. In contrast, Prettier was used for things that are purely stylistic. However looking at the capabilities of eslint, especially when using the Airbnb style guide, it appears as though all stylistic issues are covered. // Any extra bed or bigBed fields (defined in as and occurring after N in bed N + types. There are many cases that arise the requirement of assignment of values just to complete the syntax even knowing that the values will not be going to be used in the program anywhere.

The dot_import_whitelist option can be used to whitelist certain imports.MaintainabilitylowST1003-Poorly chosen identifierIdentifiers, such as variable and package names, follow certain rules. Package template (html/template) implements data-driven templates for generating HTML output safe against code injection. It provides the same interface as package text/template and should be used instead of text/template whenever the output is HTML. "html/template" provides automatic, context-sensitive escaping safe against code injection.HTML templates treat data values as plain text which should be encoded so they can be safely embedded in an HTML document. The escaping is contextual, so actions can appear within JavaScript, CSS, and URI contexts.If the output is not HTML, use text/template instead which does not escape data.

How To Calculate Minimum Stirrable Volume Of Reactor

A reactor was charged with THF , 2-piperazin-1-yl-pyrimidine (2.17 kg, 1.05 equivalents) and the product from Step 1 (4.00 kg, 1.0 equivalent). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour during which the reaction mixture turned to cloudy. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes and then concentrated at 60° C. Was observed in the overheads indicating complete removal of water from the system.

At the end, THF was added to bring the total volume in the reactor to 15 volumes of the limit reagent. And sampled for complete formation of imine by HPLC . Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.33 kg, 2.0 equivalents) was added portion-wise to the suspension at −5° C. HPLC results confirmed the reaction was complete by 99.8%.

Sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (10% w/w, 10 volumes) was added. The slurry was concentrated to remove 10 volumes of THF under partial vacuum at 30° C. Ethyl acetate was added to the suspension after it cooled to 20° C. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was checked by HPLC. The organic phase was washed with water , saturated brine solution and concentrated to a small volume under partial vacuum at 45° C. Solid was collected by filtration, rinsed with heptane .

The hydrolysis step was completed by quenching the crude mixture containing primarily intermediate 7 into a premixed solution of 30% aqueous THF containing 6 equiv of triethylamine at ≤0 °C. Prolonged holds of the quenched reaction mixture caused slight degradation and hydrolysis of psilocybin back to psilocin. Typically, this was about 3% conversion after 24 h and up to 15% after a 72 h hold, though high psilocin contamination was found to be tolerated and purged in downstream processing. Following the quench and hold time of at least 60 min, the resulting slurry was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with water to extract remaining 6 adhered to the celite to provide a biphasic filtrate.

The upper organic phase typically contained residual 4 and was removed, with the majority of 6 in the lower aqueous phase. The aqueous phase was transferred back to the reactor, and the crude psilocybin was precipitated by addition of isopropanol followed by distillation of the solvent to a minimum volume. Crude psilocybin solid was subsequently collected by filtration from the aqueous slurry in typically 50–55% yield and 98% purity with psilocin as the highest-level impurity , where most of the psilocin and other process impurities were purged and remained in the filtrate . Oxalyl chloride (8.15 mL) is added dropwise to the cold mixture (10±5° C.) of Thiazole acid 8 (20.18 g) is dissolved in THF and DMF (300 μL) over a period of ˜5 min keeping the internal temperature at 10±5° C.

The cooling bath is removed and the mixture is allowed to reach ambient temperature over a period of ˜30 min. The mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min to 1 hour. A solution of aniline 7 (19.8 g), DMAP and THF was added at 10±5° C. The ice bath was removed and mixture was heated to 65±2° C.

The mixture was allowed to reach ambient temperature, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water . NaHCO3(5%, 225 mL) was added to the organic portion and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. The organic portion was concentrated under reduced pressure at approx.

EtOAc was added to the resulting material and the residual water was removed and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at approx. EtOAc was added and the resulting slurry was stirred for 2-6 h and filtered. The solid was washed with EtOAc followed by heptane and air dried for 1 h to give the desired product in 70% yield. Step 4 Oxalyl chloride (8.15 mL) is added dropwise to the cold mixture (10±5 0C) of Thiazole acid 8 (20.18 g) is dissolved in THF and DMF (300 μL) over a period of ~5 min keeping the internal temperature at 10±5°C. The cooling bath is removed and the mixture is allowed to reach ambient temperature over a period of -30 min.

A solution of aniline 7 (19.8 g), DMAP and THF was added at 10±5°C. Et3N (13.2 mL) was added in portions at 10+50C over a period of 10 min. The ice bath was removed and mixture was heated to 65±2°C and stirred overnight . NaHCO3 (5%, 225 mL) was added to the organic portion and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min.

It is a pressure reactor with magnetic drive stirring, inlet & outlet valves, pressure gauge &nitrogen/vent. Solvent & catalyst are charged in the vessel & the slurry formed by mixing istransferred under nitrogen pressure into the reactor. The pressure rating & volume of thissystem is designed depending on the quantity of catalyst, pressure & temperature rating of theautoclave.

Specially designed control system developed by Amar can be offered to charge thecatalyst slurry in continuous mode at a pre-defined flow rate under pressure. This is very usefulfor CSTR, where no suitable pumps are available for slurry. This system is available for anyreactor volume, pressures upto 350 bar & for a wide range materials. Tetrahydrofuran (73 L, 10.7 vol) was charged to the vessel containing 3-(2-chloro-2-oxoacetyl)-1H-indol-4-yl acetate (6.81 kg, 25.6 mol, 1 equiv) under N2 atmosphere and stirred until complete dissolution.

The mixture was cooled to 0–5 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of 2 M dimethylamine in THF (13.1 kg, 30.7 mol, 1.2 equiv) was added over 1 h at 0–10 °C via a dip pipe . Triethylamine (3.19 kg, 31.53 mol, 1.23 equiv) diluted in tetrahydrofuran (12.3 L, 1.8 vol) was charged over at least 30 min at 0–10 °C followed by tetrahydrofuran (12.3 L, 1.8 vol) to rinse the addition line.

The mixture was warmed to 15–20 °C and stirred for at least 3 h. Heptane (90.7 L, 13.3 vol) was charged over at least 30 min at 15–20 °C . The mixture was cooled to 0–5 °C over at least 30 min and maintained within this temperature range for at least 1 h. The mixture was filtered under a N2 blanket and washed with heptane at 15–20 °C (27.3 L, 2 vol). The solid was pulled dry under vacuum and nitrogen blanket for at least 15 min until no more filtration liquors were observed. The wet cake was discharged to the vessel and 2-propanol (81.8 L, 12 vol) was added.

The mixture was heated to 80–85 °C and held for 15–60 min until a complete solution was formed. The vessel was cooled down to 18–22 °C over at least 2 h (typically precipitation occurs at 65–70 °C). The slurry was further cooled to 0–5 °C over at least 30 min and maintained within this temperature range for at least 30 min. The mixture was filtered, washed with 2-propanol (13.6 L, 2 vol) at 0–10 °C, and pulled dry under vacuum for at least 15 min.

The solid was washed with water (3 × 17.1 L, 3 × 2.5 vol) at 5–10 °C and then with heptane (2 × 13.6 L, 2 × 2 vol) at 10–20 °C. The solid was dried for at least 16 h in vacuo at 35–40 °C to afford the desired compound (83% yield, 5.83 kg, 99.7% area HPLC). The solid was stored at 20 °C protected from light and moisture. 15.6 g of Type A of Compound , 175 ml of acetone and 3.6 ml of water was added to a 250 ml reactor and heated to 53 degrees C. 900 ul of 10.0 N NaOH was added to reactor and the solution was seeded with Type A. The seeded solution was stirred at 53 degrees C.

A second 900 ul portion of 10.0 N NaOH was added and the system was stirred at 53 degrees C. The final resulting slurry was filtered and the wet solids were washed with 15 ml of acetone. Under vacuum with a nitrogen flow and then exposed the solids to lab air for one hour.

Collected 12.1 g of Compound crystalline sodium salt solids. At room temperature a solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol (21 weight %; 306 ml) was added to a solution of Compound in THF and water (76.5 ml) while stirring. After stirring for 30 minutes, the mixture was filtered and the filter was washed with THF . The resulting solution was warmed to 65°C and treated with filtered butyl acetate (6640 ml, optionally pre-warmed to 650C) within 30 minutes.

Seeding crystals (0.50 g) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 65°C for 2 hours, while crystallization starts after about 30 minutes. The suspension was cooled to 500C within 1 hour and stirred at this temperature for an additional hour. The title compound was isolated by filtration, washed with filtered butyl acetate (765 ml, optionally pre-warmed to 500C) and dried at 65°C for about 16 h giving Compound crystalline sodium salt (~ 725 g). 15.6 g of Type A of Compound , 175 ml of acetone and 3.6 ml of water was added to a 250 ml reactor and heated to 53 degrees C to dissolve the solids. 900 ul of 10.0 N NaOH was added to reactor and the solution was seeded with Type A. The seeded solution was stirred at 53 degrees C for 10 minutes.

A second 900 ul portion of 10.0 N NaOH was added and the system was stirred at 53 degrees C for 30 minutes over which a slurry developed. The slurry was cooled to 19 degrees C at a cooling rate of 15 degrees C per hour and held overnight at 19 degrees C. Dried solids for 1 hr at 52 degrees C under vacuum with a nitrogen flow and then exposed the solids to lab air for one hour. PS-DVB-derived SILLPs can also be prepared starting from commercial Merrifield resins in the form of beads.

Both gel-type and macroporous resins containing covalently attached imidazolium subunits have shown to act efficiently for the immobilization of CALB, in particular for the polymers having a relatively high content in IL-like fragments. The macroporous resins are, however, more appropriate for being packed into tubular reactors and for the development of flow processes, according to their higher mechanical stability. Again, the nature of the SILLPs regarding both the substitution pattern at the IL-like units and the type of polymeric support used were key factors to obtain an efficient supported biocatalyst.

These elements determine the efficiency of the mass-transfer processes at the interfaces, either of the substrates to the active site or the products from the enzyme. The selection of an IL that contains a large alkyl chain in the cation results in a clear improvement of the efficiency for the biotransformation in monophasic liquid systems and the same takes place when the corresponding SILLPs are prepared. Thus, controlling the structure of the SILLPs, it is possible to develop efficient continuous processes for the transformation of vegetable oil into biodiesel (Fig. 27). At room temperature a solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol (21 weight %; 306 ml) was added to a solution of Compound in THF and water (76.5 ml) while stiffing.

After stiffing for 30 minutes, the mixture was filtered and the filter was washed with THF . And treated with filtered butyl acetate (6640 ml, optionally pre-warmed to 65° C.) within 30 minutes. Seeding crystals (0.50 g) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 65° C. For 2 hours, while crystallization starts after about 30 minutes. Within 1 hour and stirred at this temperature for an additional hour.

The title compound was isolated by filtration, washed with filtered butyl acetate (765 ml, optionally pre-warmed to 50° C.) and dried at 65° C. For about 16 h giving Compound crystalline sodium salt (˜725 g). Another interesting development of an industrially relevant process is the dimerisation of alkenes, typically propene (Dimersol-G) and butenes (Dimersol-X), to the more valuable branched hexenes and octenes catalysed by Ni complexes. The use of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloroaluminates as solvents has been developed and pioneered at IFP. These ILs are good solvents for the butanes and also help in stabilising the Ni catalyst without even requiring an additional ligand.

Under these conditions, the desired products are not soluble in the IL-phase. Thus, it is possible to establish a liquid–liquid biphasic system and the reaction can be performed in a continuous stirred tank-reactor followed by a phase separator. In the separator the upper organic phase containing the products escapes through an overflow for collection and processing, whilst the lower IL-phase containing the catalyst is recycled back to the reactor.

This system dramatically decreases the Ni leaching when compared with the homogeneous Dimersol process in the absence of ILs. The suspension of the mixture of Z and E erythromycin oximes thus obtained is stirred at about 800 rpm for 10 hours or more at a temperature of about 16° C. And 1N HCl solution is added over 1 h 30 min or more so as to bring the pH of the reaction mass to a value of about 9.5. Ethyl acetate is then added and the mass is then heated to about 25-30° C.

After separation of the phases by settling, the aqueous phase is back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×225 g). The organic phase is rapidly transferred into the reactor and then concentrated under vacuum by partial distillation of the ethyl acetate down to a minimum stirrable volume. The reaction mass obtained is then cooled to about 10° C. The solubility of Compound , as either Type A or the sodium salt form, was investigated in various non-aqueous solvents.

The solutions were prepared by addition of excess Compound to 0.25 ml to 1.0ml of excipient in amber screw cap vials with Teflon lined caps. The samples were allowed to rotate at room temperature for up to 4 days. Sampling was done by centrifuging and filtering through a 0.45 μm PVDF filter. The filtrate was subject to HPLC analysis for determining the solubility.

HPLC analysis was conducted with an Agilent 1100 using gradient or isocratic conditions. Both methods used acetonitrile/water (each with 0.1% Triflouroacetic Acid) and an ACE C- 18 stationary phase with column heating maintained at C. The wavelength of detection was set at 220nm or 264nm. Wet solids were collected and analyzed for form change by XRPD.

The strengths of this technology were highlighted in the previous sections with significant examples that demonstrated the synergies achieved by the combined use of ILs and flow processes. These achievements allow for the development of new greener processes for both the synthesis of high quality ILs and their application in catalytic processes. The IL phases generally contribute to the stabilisation of the catalyst and even, in some cases, to an enhancement of their catalytic activity. Thus, under a continuous flow stream, the productivity can significantly improve. In this way, new opportunities rise from the synergetic combination of these enabling tools.

The greatest opportunities are the design of new processes based on new types of reactors integrating reaction and separation in a single unit. This will contribute to process intensification and it will require the joint effort of chemists and engineers. Regarding the synthesis of ILs, continuous flow synthesis offers a simple, fast and scalable approach for the synthesis of new ILs based on different building blocks. Furthermore, this combination provides exciting opportunities to generate valuable intellectual properties. This isomerisation requires a catalytic Lewis acid and an ionic liquid () as a Lewis base.